Latent Heat Flux from Small Sheltered Lakes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ari Venäläinen  Martti Heikinheimo  Tapio Tourula 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(3):355-377

The dependency of the latent heat flux on the over-water fetch on lakes surrounded by tall, dense forest was studied by making use of measurements made on two different-sized lakes. The measurements were made during the NOPEX (Northern Hemisphere Climate-Processes Land Surface Experiment) field campaign. It was found that, in the case of a typical Scandinavian lake with a size of less than 10 km², the latent heat flux will increase as a function of over-water fetch due to the increase of wind speed and in spite of the increased air humidity. This also has implications on area-averaged fluxes: when two lakes having similar shorelines, lake water temperatures and solar radiation conditions are compared, then the evaporation per unit area is smaller from the smaller lake. When the lakes are large, with fetches of several kilometres, then the significance of sheltering is small. If point measurements are used for the estimation of area-averaged latent heat fluxes from lakes with short fetches and forested shorelines then the distance of the measuring site from the shoreline should be taken into account, otherwise errors of tens of percent may occur.  相似文献   

Impact of Turbulence Closures on Diurnal Temperature evolution for Clear Sky Situations Over Belgium     

O. Brasseur  H. Gallée  G. Schayes  C. Tricot  K. De Ridder 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(2):163-193

The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of turbulence closure on the simulation of surface air temperature at screen height (1.5 m) over Belgium. The mesoscale model MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional), developed at the Université catholique de Louvain, is used to examine one-dimensional situations. A new second-order closure (level 2.5) is implemented containing prognostic equations for all three velocity variances, and diagnostic or prognostic formulations for the dissipation. This closure is compared with first and one-and-a-half order closures. Idealized nearly-neutral and convective cases underline the differences between first and second-order closures, and between diagnostic and prognostic equations for the dissipation. The one-and-a-half and second-order closures give satisfying results, but the first-order closure produces generally less appropriate vertical diffusion. Observed clear sky and weak horizontal advection situations have shown the sensitivity of 24 h temperature evolution to the choice of the turbulent closure.  相似文献   

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU     

钟强 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1998,(2)

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

Simulation of the asian monsoon by IAP AGCM coupled with an advanced land surface model (IAP94)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Zeng Qingcun  Dai Yongjiu  Xue Feng 《大气科学进展》1998,15(1):1-16

ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＡｓｉａｎＭｏｎｓｏｏｎｂｙＩＡＰＡＧＣＭＣｏｕｐｌｅｄｗｉｔｈａｎＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＬａｎｄＳｕｒｆａｃｅＭｏｄｅｌ（ＩＡＰ９４）ＺｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｃｕｎ（曾庆存）,ＤａｉＹｏｎｇｊｉｕ（戴永久）ａｎｄＸｕｅＦｅｎｇ（薛峰...  相似文献   

黑河地区绿洲内农田微气象特征   总被引：47，自引：19，他引：28  

张强  胡隐樵 《高原气象》1992,1(4):361-370

  相似文献   

太阳辐射和地面气象要素的日环食效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

“年月日日环食期间太阳辐射和大气重力波的分析研究”课题组 《地球物理学报》1990,33(4):399-407

本文通过对1987年9月23日日环食期间太阳辐射和地面气象要素等实测资料的分析,指出了在日环食过程中太阳辐射和地面气象要素等的变化,也叙述了日食期间地面臭氧含量的变化;第一次在国内测得了由日食引起的大气重力波,进而讨论了大气重力波的若干特性.  相似文献   

A note on surface layer parameterizations in the weather research and forecast model     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

Two surface layer parameterization schemes along with five planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) are analyzed in order to evaluate the performance of the WRF model in simulating the surface variables and turbulent fluxes over an Indian sub-continent region. These surface layer schemes are based on the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University—National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) parameterization; (a) Old MM5 scheme having Businger-Dyer similarity functions and (b) revised MM5 scheme utilizing the functions that are valid for full ranges of atmospheric stabilities. The study suggests that each PBL scheme can reproduce the diurnal variation of 2 m temperature, momentum flux and sensible heat flux irrespective of the surface layer scheme used for the simulations. However, a comparison of model-simulated values of surface variables and turbulent fluxes with observed values suggests that each PBL scheme is found to systematically over-estimate the nocturnal 2 m temperature and 10 m wind speed with both the revised and old schemes during stable conditions.  相似文献   

东北冷涡背景下沈阳地区一次强降水过程分析     

段云霞  李得勤  纪永明  班伟龙  吴宇童  李晓鸥 《气象与环境学报》2022,38(4):1-10

利用辽宁省区域自动站、探空和多普勒雷达观测资料及ECMWF再分析资料, 对2016年6月30日发生在沈阳地区一次局地短时强降水过程的天气特征及可预报性进行分析。结果表明: 此次天气过程为东北冷涡背景下典型的午后强对流天气, 白天太阳辐射加热使得沈阳城区温度高于周边区域, 配合中低层的高湿环境具有较好的不稳定能量; 暴雨发生前2 h, 近地面至300 hPa高度西南气流不断增强, 低空急流出口区减压, 使得垂直运动增强, 上升运动高度达到对流层顶, 有利于触发和加强对流, 1.5—3.0 km的16 m·s^-1的西南风脉动和急流减弱消失对降水发生和结束有较好的指示意义; 午后低层辐合、高层辐散的不稳定层结在强降水发生前2 h建立, 散度最大时段与强降水时间对应较好; 雷达观测反映这次降水以低质心暖云降水为主导, 具有较高的降水效率, 地面辐合线触发了对流, 并逐渐发展演变成带状对流系统。从数值预报的结果来看, 模式未能报出城市下垫面对气象要素的影响, 对于地面辐合线的预报存在明显的滞后偏弱, 导致强降水预报难度增加。  相似文献   

Regional geologic environs and natural resources of Badia Sector, Jordan     

A. S. Al-Homoud  R. J. Allison  D. L. Higgitt  K. White  B. F. Sunna 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(1-2):18-26

 This paper summarizes the information on the geology and natural resources of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme. The research focused on the issue of the environment in arid lands as an aid to provide practical options for sustainable development. This paper presents results of field studies in the following areas related to the sustainable development of the Safawi area in the northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology, including landform, soil, lands, processes and hazards, geology and physical resources and surface water hydrology. Tertiary-Quaternary continental basalt flows and tuffs cover approximately 11 000 km², the majority of the Safawi area. In addition to extensive basalt lava flows, the programme area includes a variety of geological outcrops and potential sources of economic products that include the following: Tuff/Scoria, Zeolite/Olivine, Porcellanite, potential sources of aggregate/construction materials, ornamental stone, building stone, basalt for manufacturing of rock wool, and materials suitable for producing lightweight aggregate. The whole of the eastern Badia exhibits major fault systems, many of which were identified from Landsat TM images. The system of wadis which drains the Badia is extensive, with the general flow from the north to the south and south-west. A noticeable geomorphic surficial deposit occuring throughout much of the Badia is fine-grained, water-lain sediments that vary in size and character. The local designation for the fine sediment deposits is Qaa. An MSS scene for the area under consideration has been studied. Twelve major geomorphic subdivisions or zones can be identified. Individual land system units have been identified by traversing the programme area. Key sites have been visited based on Landsat TM image interpretation. To a large extent, key areas were subdivided after their initial identification on the Landsat scene and corroboration in the field. The surface drainage of the Badia region can be broadly divided into wadi systems, areas of distinct channelized flow, and Qaa, predominantly fine-grained sedimentary basins of low relief. Spatial variability in infiltration rates across the wadi-Qaa system were determined from field experiments. Infiltration rates were found to be medium-high in the wadi channels but decrease rapidly for the Qaa materials. Apparently runoff from wadi side slopes will be high, and water storage occurs along the wadi channels while ponding occurs in the Qaa areas. Received: 13 March 1997 · Accepted: 13 January 1998  相似文献   

台州湾海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平、富集规律及来源     

金彬明  江锦花 《海洋通报(英文版)》2008,10(1):38-45

研究了台州湾海域海水和表层沉积物中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,评价了表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集规律,探讨其可能来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs的浓度范围为85.4 ～ 167.6 ng/g,平均值为138.62 ng/g,总多环芳烃的最大值是椒江码头.表层沉积物中二环、三环、四环、五环和六环多环芳烃占总多环芳烃的百分含量平均值分别为7.8 %,42.1 %, 33.3 %, 9.6 %和 7.2 %,三环多环芳烃的含量最高;表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集系数为532.7 ～ 1068.9,平均值为807.5,单组分菲的富集系数最高为122.7,最小的是苯并(a)芘为2.7;台州湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染,部分来源于石油烃类物质的直接污染.  相似文献